December 2023
Volume 10 | Issue 4

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Table of Contents - Year 2023 | Month: December | Volume 10 | Issue 4

Contents NA Category - Contents
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546
Socio-economic Study of Out Migration in Hills of Uttarakhand 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.1 Category - Research Article
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563
  • Abstract
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    • The study has conducted in Uttarakhand to examine the status of the determinants driving the existing process
    of migration and to determine the effect of the determinants in the labour out migration. The human movement
    either individual or in group from one place to another across an international border or within a state is termed
    as migration. There are 13 district in Uttarakhand and devided in hills and plains. Secondary data wee collected
    from the various government published and unpublished record Labour force participation rate was higher in
    hill district while unemployment rate was comparatively higher in plain district. Unemployment rate, functional
    facilities per 100 km sq., domestic composite index of socio-economic infrastructure development and category
    of district (dummy variable) are found significant while. Hill districts have higher adult literacy rate than plains.
    Higher facilitities in per unit area, infrastructure and district domestic product are more than the plain districts.
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Impact of Integrated Farming Systems on the Socio-economic Status and Profitability of the Farmers in Western Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.2 Category - Original Article
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512
  • Abstract
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    • The farming system is an integrated set of activities that farmers perform on their farms under their resources
    and circumstances to maximize the productivity and net farm income on a sustainable basis. The present study
    was conducted to identify the socio-economic status of the farmers practising sugarcane and rice-based farming
    systems in Western Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. The study was carried out in fifteen villages of three sampled
    districts of WPZ of Uttar Pradesh using Multistage purposive-cum random sampling. Results reveals that most
    of the farmers studied up to junior high level, belonging to middle age group, OBC category, nuclear family type,
    agriculture with livestock was the major source of income, tubewell and canal for the irrigation source. Highest
    number of milch animals were found in sugarcane-based farming system as compare to rice-based farming system and per annum income and investment was highest on sugarcane-based farming system.
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Performance Review of Dairy Cooperative Sector in Odisha: An Analysis 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.3 Category - Original Article
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275
  • Abstract
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    • The dairy cooperative model began with Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL) in 1942, catalysing the “White
    Revolution” that transformed India’s dairy sector. Today, dairy cooperatives benefited millions of farmers and
    consumers, making India world’s largest milk producer. India contributed about 24 percent of the global milk
    production, with a total of 221.06 million metric tonnes annually as per the financial year 2021-22. The study
    analysed structural change and performance of Odisha state cooperative milk producers’ federation both at
    federation and union level with the help of secondary level data. The study finds that continuous positive growth in milk procurement, societies organized number of functional DCS increases, increase in organized memberships and improvement in the financial performance of the entity demonstrates a stable share capital, accompanied by remarkable growth in turnover, gross profit, and net profit at federation level in between the studied years 2010-2011 to 2019-2020. The cooperative consistently expanded its operational reach by increasing functional DCS and attracting more members during the referred period. Although the dairy industry in Odisha showed remarkable growth in last decade there is still large gap between state and overall country level. There is huge potential present that needs to be harnessed. There for suitable steps will be required from the state government for utilizing the existing potential of milk through procurement by cooperative.
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Germplasm Collection, Characterization and Propagation of Cordia gharaf Forsk.: An Underutilized Multipurpose Tree for Agroforestry in Hot Arid Region 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.4 Category - Original Article
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295
  • Abstract
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    • Cordia gharaf Forsk, (Syn. C. rothii, C. sinensis) also known as ‘Goondi’, is a multipurpose woody perennial species found in hot arid zones. It is well-adapted to soil moisture stress, desiccated winds, and high ambient temperatures. Its ripe fruits are eaten fresh and dried for future consumption, and it is traditionally used as herbal medicine and fodder for browse material. Twelve collections were made across Jaisalmer district, covering diverse habitats. The species generally flowers during March-April and fruiting occurs in May-June. The ripe fruits have a round to ovoid shape and an orange to reddish brown color. Fruit/seed characters were studied at a laboratory and seedlings were raised in polybags for germination and growth study at a nursery in Jaisalmer in 2015. The Badabagh collection (CAZJCG-1) and Dangri (CAZJCG-7) collections showed maximum (46%) and minimum (17%) seed germination, respectively. The morpho-metric parameters of the seedlings were also studied, with the Badabagh collection recording the highest shoot length (87.18 cm), collar diameter (8.68 mm), and shoot dry weight (38.36 g) after 120 days of seed sowing. The Badabagh collection also showed high seedling vigour indices. The study revealed that Badabagh collection (CAZJCG-1) performed better with respect to seed germination and seedling growth parameters.
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Cost of Cultivation and Constraints Analysis of Soybean Production in Khagaria district of Bihar State: An Exploratory Study 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.5 Category - Original Article
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420
  • Abstract
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    • India is the 5th largest oilseed producing country in the world after USA, Brazil, Argentina and China with 2.74
    per cent of world production. Among different oilseeds crops grown in India, soybean is the one of the most
    important cultivated in 12.19 ha (DES: 2019-20). Multistage Sampling Technique was used to collect the samples from study area using Snow Ball Sampling process. The data were analyzed using standard statistical and economic analytical tools and constraints faced by sample farmers in cultivation of soybean were analysed using Garrett’s Ranking Technique. The average cost of cultivation of soybean was estimated as ` 29929 per ha. The average total return received from soybean was estimated as ` 39842 per farm and ` 45113 per ha. The return to cost ratio was 1.51 on overall basis. The constraints affecting soybean cultivation were broadly classified into agro-ecological, technological, economic. Rainfall was the most limiting factor in soybean production among agro-ecological constraints (Garrett Score 70.54) whereas suitable variety the most limiting factor (Garrett Score 65.25) among technological constraints. Economic constraints included the subsidy on inputs was the major limiting constraints with Garrett Score of 68.37. It was concluded from the study that for strengthening of soybean production marketing system needs to be supported to ensure remunerative price and better profitability to the farmers. There is also need for availability of suitable variety and training to the farmers in adoption of appropriate agro-techniques in production of the crop to increase the production efficiency. 
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Economic Analysis and Milk Disposal Pattern of Dairy Farming in Securing Livelihood of Small and Marginal Farmers 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.6 Category - Review Article
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343
  • Abstract
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    • India is livestock wealth contribution to the Indian economy is 115 million crores through the production of milk,
    meat, wool, and egg. The state of Tamil Nadu shares 4.56 per cent of India’s livestock population, and smallholders captured 80 per cent of the state’s milk production. This study was carried out in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu based on the highest number of small and marginal farmers enrolled in milk cooperatives societies and private milk vendors. The focus of the study was on the livelihood securities of small farmers rearing milch animals, cost and returns and disposal pattern of milk. The annual average milk production of 4.3 animals, which fetches a net income of ` 56,756 per annum.
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Economics of Rice Production under Different Crop Establishment Methods with Integrated Nutrient Management in the Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh, India 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.7 Category - Review Article
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  • Abstract
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    • A Field study was conducted to analyze the production economics and factors contributing to the profitability of rice production at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh, India during kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 under different rice establishment methods with different nutrient management practices. The results showed that the highest net returns, B : C ratio and profitability were recorded in conventional tillage (T4) (62889 and 65505 ` ha-1, 1.39 and 1.41% and 449.21 and 467.90 ` ha-1 day-1 during kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively) and dry seeding on puddled soil (T1) (62773 and 64708 ` ha-1, 1.40 and 1.40% and 448.38 and 462.20 ` ha-1 day-1) in different crop establishment methods. Lowest valves were observed with minimum tillage (T3) (45603 and 48375 ` ha-1, 1.09 and 1.12% and 325.73 and 345.53 ` ha-1 day-1). Among nutrient management treatments, 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through cured poultry manure (N5) (70167 and 72706 ` ha-1, 1.66 and 1.67% and 501.20 and 519.33 ` ha-1 day-1) and 75% STBN through fertilizer + 25% N through cured poultry manure (N4) (66385 and 69030 ` ha-1, 1.56 and 1.57% and 474.18 and 493.07 ` ha-1 day-1) were recorded with highest net returns, B : C ratio and profitability during kharif seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively. The lowest net returns, B : C ratio and profitability values were observed with 50% STBN through fertilizer + 50% N through FYM (N3) (49145 and 51766 ` ha-1, 1.02 and 1.04% and 351.04 and 369.75 ` ha-1 day-1) during kharif seasons of 2019- 20 and 2020-21 respectively.
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Influence of Maize-Cowpea Intercropping System on Growth, Productivity and Competitive Ability of Crops Cultivated Under South Odisha Conditions 10.30954/2394-8159.04.2023.8 Category - Original Article
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  • Abstract
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    • Being a widely row-spaced crop, maize (Zea mays L.) offers ample scope for adoption of intercropping systems with other crops. In maize-based intercropping system, legumes are preferred worldwide. Among different legumes, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an important crop that is fit to kharif and other seasons. Based on the above facts, the present study was conducted during kharif season of 2019 in P.G. Research Farm of M.S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Centurion University of Technology Management, Odisha. The treatments were laid out in randomized block design with four replications. The experiment consists of six treatments, namely, maize + cowpea (1:1), maize + cowpea (2:1), maize + cowpea (1:2), maize + cowpea (3:3), sole maize and sole cowpea which
    were replicated for four times. The results of the study revealed that the plant height and number of leaves of both crops were not influenced significantly; however, there was significant difference among the treatments in dry matter accumulation per unit area. Yield attributes of maize and cowpea did not show any significant difference among the intercropping treatments. The maximum grain yield, stover yield and biological yield of maize and cowpea were recorded in sole maize and sole cowpea respectively. Among various competition functions, the combined LER, the treatment maize + cowpea (1:1) registered the greater value of 1.18. In all the intercropping treatments, the ATER was lesser than unity, indicating that the intercropping systems were not advantageous in utilizing area and time. Intercropping maize + cowpea (1:1) resulted in monetary advantage of Rs.7299 ha-1.The study concludes that sole maize showed its superiority over all mixed stands of maize + cowpea under the replacement series of the intercropping system because of decreased plant population in the mixed stan 
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