June 2023
Volume 10 | Issue 2

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Table of Contents - Year 2023 | Month: June | Volume 10 | Issue 2

An Economic Analysis of Cultivation of Direct Seeded Rice vs. Transplanted Rice in Irrigated Sub- Tropics of Jammu region of J&K (U.T.): Constraints and way forward 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.1 Category - Research Article
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  • Abstract
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    • Rice is a staple crop in the irrigated subtropics of Jammu and Kashmir (UT). Farmers in this region have always grown rice using the transplanted method. However, because to its ability to save water, labour, and time, the direct seeding method has gained popularity in recent years. This research gives an economic analysis of direct seeded rice vs. transplanted rice farming in the irrigated subtropics of Jammu. The research compares the yield, costs, and profitability of the two techniques. The study also analyses the restrictions and obstacles that farmers encounter while implementing direct seeding and suggests viable solutions to these challenges. In terms of yield, cost savings, and profitability, the results demonstrate that direct seeding can be a viable alternative to transplanting. However, various restrictions, such as weed management, a lack of proper technology, and farmer education, impede direct seeding implementation. To overcome these limits, the study advises promoting extension services, developing appropriate machinery, and implementing proper weed management practises. Overall, the study suggests that, if the constraints are addressed, direct seeding can be a sustainable and profitable method of rice farming in the irrigated subtropics of Jammu.
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An Identification of Marketing Channels and Estimation of Marketing Efficiency of Cluster Bean in Gird Region of Madhya Pradesh 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.2 Category - Original Article
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    • This research paper was carried out to identify the marketing channels and estimate the price spread, marketing
    cost, and marketing efficiency in various marketing channels of grid region of Madhya Pradesh and constraints
    faced by respondents in marketing of cluster bean for the year 2019-20. Multi-stage sampling was used for the
    selection of the farmers for the present research. Morena district of Madhya Pradesh was selected purposively as its first rank in the area and production of cluster bean in the state. Total 90 farmers were selected and the nearest organized grain mandi of Sabalgarh was selected purposively for this research .Two village traders from each village and two wholesalers from regulated market of Sabalgarh were selected on the basis of their responsiveness. Both the primary and secondary data were collected. In the movement of product highest cost is found in channel first followed by second and third. And the same trend follows in marketing margin. Highest marketing efficiency was of channel third after that second and first. In production major constraint was seed not available of quality seed while in marketing the major problem was the high cost of labor and high fluctuation of price.
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Marketing and Constraints Faced by Brinjal Growers in Maharashtra in the Wake of Covid-19 Pandemic 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.3 Category - Research Article
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    • The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the difficulties faced by farmers into sharp focus, particularly in countries with an agrarian economy. Brinjal is the major vegetable crop of Vidarbha region in Maharashtra state. The present study was carried out to study marketing and the constraints faced by farmers in marketing of brinjal in the wake of COVID-19. The study was conducted in kharif season during the year 2020-2021. Primary data was collected from 90 brinjal growers of three tehsils i.e. Amravati, Anjangon Surji and Achalpur of Amravati district. Marketing aspects was studied by calculating producer’s share in consumer’s rupee. The farmers were asked to rank the constraints faced during the lockdown in the order of significance. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to examine the farmers’ opinion. The investigation revealed that the Channel III (i.e. Producer - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer) was observed major channel of distribution. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was the highest in channel I (94.84%). In marketing of brinjal, uncertainty of prices (56.70) ranked first and high commission charges (51.40) ranked II are the major constraints perceived by the brinjal growers. Study recommended that, the government should take proactive measures like establishment of price stabilization mechanisms and strengthen marketing channels.
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Determinants of Prices of Minor Forest Produce (MFP) in High Altitude and Tribal (HAT) Zone of Andhra Pradesh 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.4 Category - Research Article
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  • Abstract
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    • Prices for any commodity are important because they create a path for a firm or industry to continue or discontinue a particular production activity in the future. The paper focuses on the variables affecting MFP prices in the HAT zone of Andhra Pradesh. The present study was conducted in tribal areas where there is extensive forest cover, spotty cell network coverage, and tribal farmers with low levels of knowledge. The market price information for MFP that was provided by Girijan Cooperative Corporation (GCC) officials and individual traders varied. Some of the important MPFs are lucrative for tribal farmers, but their geographical barriers make them unable to catch good prices for their produce. For this investigation, a probit model was used and the study’s findings showed that the availability of storage facilities at Girijan Primary Cooperative Marketing Societies (GPCMS)/ Primary Procurement Centres (PPCs), access to timely market price information, and ‘investment in MIS’ are the determinants of market price in the study area.
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Economic Analysis of Fennel Cultivation in Nagaur District of Rajasthan 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.5 Category - Original Article
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    • More than 60 per cent area of Rajasthan falls under arid zone, where soil is light textured, have poor fertility and low water holding capacity. Since, reducing cost of cultivation itself is a big challenge due to varied economic reasons, promoting diversification towards high value crops like fennel can be a plausible solution to the low farm income problem in the arid regions. Therefore, a sample of 80 fennel growers were investigated in Nagaur district of Rajasthan to understand the cost and returns structure; and thus, profitability associated with fennel cultivation. The data were collected in the agricultural year 2020-21 and analyzed through CACP cost concepts for detailed study. The results showed that the per hectare total cost of cultivation of fennel was ` 49027.46. Out of which, operational cost accounted for 69.64 per cent and fixed cost was 30.36 per cent of total costs. Cost of production was highest (` 3315.55 per quintal) for small farmers and lowest (` 3210.15 per quintal) for large farmers with an overall average of ` 3256.65 per quintal. Overall gross returns, net returns, farm business income and family labour income were ` 115920, 61989.79, 83971.00 and 71733.53 per hectare, respectively. The average returns per rupee were ` 2.14, which shows that production of fennel is highly profitable. Since fennel seemed to fetch good prices, the farmers can be sensitized about its export trading prospects along with the option of contract farming and future trading of fennel. Grading and standardization facilities should also be ensured so that farmers can realize the maximum profits through quality fennel produced.
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Production and Consumption of Edible Oils in India 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.6 Category - Research Article
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  • Abstract
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    • In India total production of edible oils, without copra oil, increased 142.67 per cent in 2017-18 over the year 1970- 71, whereas, with copra the change during the same time period was 144.86 per cent. Soybean oil production over the entire study period increased to the tune of 9363.73 per cent, whereas, niger oil, safflower oil and sunflower oil production decreased as compared to the other edible oils. Total import of edible oil was quite high in all the specified periods, showing huge dependency on imported edible oil to meet out the domestic needs. Though India also exported edible oils but its proportion was less than 01 per cent to the total quantity imported in the years. Import increased of all the oilseeds except groundnut oil, niger oil and copra oil increased many folds from 1970-71 to 2017-18. Among all the edible oils with positive net import the soybean edible oil had lion’s share in all the years. Consumption of groundnut and copra edible oils was less than the production due to their net imports, whereas, reverse picture emerged with respect to soybean edible oil in all the respective periods. Total production of oil from edible oilseeds fell short of about 39 per cent to the total consumption in 2017-18 of edible oil processed from the 07 edible oilseeds which was fulfilled by the import of these edible oils, whereas, when copra oil was also taken into account then this dependency to domestic consumption on owned produced edible oil increased to more than 75 per cent.
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The Growth Rate of Minimum Support Price of Wheat and Population in Comparison to Area, Production and Yield of Wheat in India 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.7 Category - Original Article
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  • Abstract
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    • The area of wheat in India was 22.14 million hectares in 1981-82 and it increased to 31.45 (42.05 %) million hectares
    in 2019-20. Similarly, the production of wheat in India was 37.45 million tons in 1981-82 and it increased to 107.59
    (187.28 %) million tones. The production of wheat was increased about 4 times more as compared to area of wheat
    during the period 1981-82 to 2019-20 in India. Similarly, the yield of wheat in India was 1691 kg per hectares in
    1981-82 and it increased to 3421 (102.30%) kg per hectares. The Minimum support price of wheat was 142 ` per
    quintal in 1981-82 and it increased to 1925 (1255.63%) ` per quintal during 2019-20. This increased was about 12.5
    times from 1981-82 to 2019-20. The per person per year availability of raw wheat produce was 52.35 kg in 1981-82
    and it increased to 78.74 (50.41%) kg per person per year availability of raw wheat produce during 2019-20. The
    population of India was 71.54 crore during 1981-82 and it increased to 136.64 (90.99 %) crore during 2019-20. The compound growth rate of area, production, yield of wheat, minimum support price, population and per person per year availability of wheat was 0.84, 2.43, 1.58, 7.64, 1.73, and 0.69 percent during the period of 1981-82 to 2019-20 and it was significant growth at 1 percent level of significance. The simple correlation analysis was done to measure the impact of area on production and yield on production. The results showed that the impact of yields on production of wheat was more as compared to area during the period 1981-82 to 1990-91. Because the value of the correlation coefficient between yield and production was 0.97 percent (significant at 1 percent level of significance) and the value of the correlation coefficient between area and production was 0.64 percent (non significant) during the period 1981-82 to 1990-91. So this clearly indicated that, in future the scope of more area under wheat cultivation is less. So, in future we can increase the production of wheat by developing new high yielding varieties of wheat. During the overall period 1981-82 to 2019-20 the value of instability index showed 6.43, 4.35, 4.31, 3.90, 2.25, 1.44 for MSP, Per person per year variability of wheat, production, yield, area and Population. So, May be it showed low instability index but the Minimum support price showed more instability as compared to other parameters of study.
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Supply Chain Analysis of Oil Palm in Andhra Pradesh 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.8 Category - Original Article
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    • The current study focused on the oil palm’s acreage, production, and productivity. According to the findings,
    there was an increase in the area planted with oil palm between 2011–12 and 2015–16. However, there was only
    a 1% increase in oil palm planting between 2016–17 and 2020–21. Oil palm planting expanded less from 2016 to
    21 than it did from 2011 to 16. The production of palm oil grew between 2011 and 21. The productivity of palm
    oil has decreased by 8% between 2011–12 and 2015–16. Whereas, from 2016–17 to 2020–21, palm oil production increased by 3%. Farmers in the study region followed a single supply chain that eliminates middlemen and allows them to communicate directly with the business that processes oil palms. Additionally, during the processing of oil palm, by-products like crude palm oil (CPO), palm nuts, shedder fiber, palm fiber, D-muck, and sludge were created. Farmers’ production and marketing difficulties were collated.
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Enhancing Farmers’ Income through Vegetable Farming in Raichur District of Karnataka: An Economic Analysis 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.9 Category - Original Article
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  • Abstract
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    • Vegetable cultivation is an awesome business in India. Vegetable cultivation offers a unique opportunity for
    marginal and small farmers of Karnataka due to its remuneration. Consequently, vegetable cultivation in Karnataka, even in offseason, has picked up on quite a large scale. The present study analyzed the cost and returns structure of selected vegetables in Raichur district of Karnataka by involving 30 vegetable growers. The results revealed that the production of vegetables has shown a high growth rate of 2.64 percent per annum. The cost of cultivation of tomato was the highest (` 105390/ac) as compared to okra and brinjal (` 29450/ac and ` 41839/ac). The gross returns obtained from the tomato crop were the highest as compared to other vegetables. The return per rupee invested in vegetable production was highest in case of okra (1.31) followed by brinjal crop (1.30) and tomato (1.23). The okra crop is more economical than tomato and brinjal which create pathway for continues profitability as well as sustainability of agriculture.
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An Economic Analysis of Market Power and Marketing Channel of Papaya in Jaipur City of Rajasthan 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.10 Category - Research Article
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    • In view of this the present study was undertaken by collecting monthly wholesale prices of papaya in Jaipur
    city of Rajasthan. Muhana mandi – the largest fruit and vegetable wholesale market situated in the Jaipur city
    of Rajasthan, was selected for the purpose of study. This study was based on the primary data which were
    collected by personal interview of the selected wholesaler cum-commission agents, retailers and processors using pre-tested schedules designed specifically for the purpose. In the results the market power was measured by two indices namely concentration ratio (CR) and Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI). Major marketing channels in the transportation of Papaya from mandi wholesaler to the consumer were identified. The results shows that the four and eight firm concentration ratio is 20.41 and 40.48, respectively whereas, HHI values for four and eight firm are 104.16 and 204.95 which implies that market is in perfect competition. Among the selected channels, major quantity of papaya moved through channel- I and minor quantity was moved through channel-II in the study area.
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Impact of National Horticulture Mission on Banana Cultivation of South Gujarat 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.11 Category - Original Article
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    • National Horticulture mission was started with aim to improve the production, productivity and area under
    the horticulture crops in 2004-05. The Gujarat state implemented NHM with full strength and developed State
    Horticulture Mission in parallel to NHM. To capture the impact of NHM (National Horticulture Mission), the
    study period was re-categorized into: Pre- NHM Period; Post- NHM Period and Overall Period. Major banana
    producing districts of South Gujarat were selected for analysis. The major analytical tools employed were compound growth rate, Cuddy-Della Vella index and decomposition model. Growth rate analysis showed that on an average, the growth rate of all districts with respect to area, production and productivity of banana was high in period ?? compared to period ?. Instability analysis revealed that, all districts in instability were low in period ?? compared to period ?, except Navsari in terms of area and production. Further, growth-instability analysis showed that most desirable situation in Narmada district was observed in terms of production. Area contribution was more in Bharuch and Surat district and yield contribution was more in Narmada and Navsari district in period ?. Whereas, area contribution was more in Narmada and Navsari district and yield contribution was more in Bharuch and Surat district in period ??. Area contribution was more in all districts except Bharuch which showed yield contribution was more in production of banana in overall period.
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Constraints Faced by the Farmers in Blackgram Production and Marketing in Lalitpur District of Uttar Pradesh 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.12 Category - Original Article
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    • An investigation entitled “Constraints faced by the farmers in Blackgram production and marketing in Lalitpur
    district of Uttar Pradesh” was conducted in blackgram grown four different development blocks of Lalitpur
    district. Five villages from each block, 15 farmers from each village were selected randomly, so as to constitute
    an ultimate sample size of 300 farm households. Primary data regarding constraints in production and marketing were collected by the survey method by interviewing the blackgram growers through an especially structured and pre-tested schedule. The major production constraints identified were high labour cost, unavailability of labour during peak period, involvement of uneducated members in farming, lack of latest technical knowledge, lack of finance and credit facilities, occurrence of diseases, high cost of pesticides and lack of good quality seeds. In marginal size category, high labour cost was a constraint to 97 per cent of the farmers. In small size category also, high labour cost was considered as a problem by 67 per cent of the farmers. But in semi-medium, medium and large size category of farms, the constraint like unavailability of labour during peak period was a problem to a majority 62 per cent, 58 per cent and 48 per cent of the farmers, respectively. The marketing constraints included lack of remunerative price for the produce, lack of marketing information, unorganized market, high commission charges, high cost of transportation and cheating by middlemen. In marginal size category, majority of the farmers faced the marketing problems resulting from lack of remunerative price for the produce, lack of market information, existence of unorganized market and high commission charges. Among these constraints, lack of remunerative price for their produce was noted to adversely affect 81 per cent of the farmer in this size category. 
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Seaweeds as Natural Resource for agar – agar Extraction in India– A Review 10.30954/2394-8159.02.2023.13 Category - Original Article
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    • Seaweeds are the marine macro algae and one of the most potential marine living resources in the World. It plays an important role in the sustainability of the marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration. Economically, seaweeds have high potentiality in the blue economy of the country. Among the various uses, seaweeds are the natural source of phycocolloids, which is a gelatinous substrate with high commercial potential. Agar-agar is one of the most important phycocolloids, and widely used in industries and biochemical laboratories. The commonly used red seaweeds (Rhodophyceae) as natural sources of agar-agar are the species of Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gelidiella. In India, these three genera are represented by 53 taxa, of which, about 14 taxa, consisting of ten taxa of Gracilaria, two taxa of Gelidium and two taxa of Gelidiella are recognised with agar-agar potentiality. The paper briefly highlights the taxonomic account and economic potentiality of these seaweeds as source of agar-agar in the Indian perspectives.
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