The present study was conduced in ten villages of Madanapalle division in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh to analyze the adoption and marketing practices of tomato growers. Six tomato growers were personally interviewed using a pre-tested schedule. It was found that majority of the tomato growers had not completely followed the practices such as: (a) seedling treatment one day after planting (Copper oxychloride @ 0.3% of 100 grams/ha) (60.00%), (b) application of neem cake (75.00%) and biofertilizers viz., Trichoderma viridae (83.33%) and Pseudomonas (80.00%), (c) pruning (91.66%) and training operations (95.00%), (c) growing of trap crops (60.00%), (d) chemical control of fruit borer (70.00%), and (e) biological control of nematodes (75.00%) and aphids and mites (60.00%). The results further revealed that due to the non-availability of neem cake, biofertilizers, and plant protection chemicals the tomato growers could not able to completely apply the recommended dose of organic manure, biofertilizers, and plant protection chemicals to the tomato crop. A vast majority of the tomato growers (96.66%) had marketed their produce at regulated cum wholesale market, while the remaining 3.34 per cent of the tomato growers had marketing their produce at retail market including modern retail outlets. Two-third (66.66%) and a majority (51.66%) of the tomato growers had consulted fellow farmers and APMCs, respectively for collecting information on marketing of tomato, while 23.33 per cent of the tomato growers consulted farm scientists for collecting information on marketing of tomato.

The study revealed that the number of branches of banks per year in rural area has increased more than that of other area during fifty years of banks nationalization, but it is lag behind according to number of rural populations. The banking facility has significantly increased per thousand population from 64000 to 9000 between 1969-70 to 2019-20 in the country. The study also reveals that at the time of bank nationalization co-operative banks contributed more than 85 per cent share in total farm credit which reduced to 17 per cent in 2017-18 that was replaced by commercial banks, and rural banks (87%) in the same year 2017-18, respectively. The share of cooperative banks in investment loan has sharply declined during 1970-71 to 2017-18 at 3 per cent only from 57 per cent. It indicates all most dead of this organization in the country. The growth rate per annum was higher after globalization period in the country. There has been tremendous change in amount of bank credit per hectare net sown area and gross cropped area between 1970-71 to 2017-18. The overall study suggests that rural population need to be special attention for availing better facility of nationalized banks and rural bank branches in village area. In this connection, lead banks of the area can play important role.

Individuals and societies rely heavily on the land for economic activity. The utilisation of land is complex and a constantly changing process. Divisive issues and planning must be formed on a thorough understanding of such processes. In this context, we intend to investigate (i) the spectral shifts in different land classes; and (ii) land-use growth and instability. The research took place in Rajasthan, which was purposefully selected and centred on a dataset spanning the years (2000-01 to 2017-18). The outcome of the land study found that the percent share of forest, non-agriculture uses, tree crops and groves, and area sown increased in first two decades of twenty-first century, while the percent share of barren and unculturable, permanent grazing, culturable waste, and fallow lands decreased. The results of compound growth rate analysis revealed that forest, tree crops and groves, and area sown all grew significantly and positively. Barren and uncultivated land, permanent pasture, culturable waste, old fallow, and current fallow land, on the other hand, witnessed significantly negative growth. Massive areas of land were converted from A and E sectors to the NA sector, which would be a matter of concern for decision-makers and policy-makers in the coming years. In order to accommodate the increasing demand for rapid urbanisation and industrialization, this issue of conversion of non-agricultural purposes can be resolved by using land area vertical direction rather than parallel to the ground. Better land policies must be enacted to prevent the shifting pattern in land.

PM-KISAN Samman Nidhi is a scheme sponsored by union government of India, through which each farmer are provided with ` 6000 annually in three instalments of ` 2000. In Jammu district, total of 95950 farmers have been registered under the scheme, till financial year 2020-21. This paper analyses the change in consumption pattern of those in relation to their education-level falling the category such as illiterate, primary, secondary or above. The change in consumption of agricultural inputs were seen more prominent in the farmers who had secondary or above level of education. The impact of the education for utilization of funds under the scheme was realised to be an important factor and thus it could be concluded that promotion of education for better utilization of funds under the scheme is necessary.

The present study was conducted in order to determine the resource use efficiency in basmati and non-basmati rice production in Jammu district. The multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of respondents. The analysis was based on data collected from 100 households in Jammu district in the year 2020-21. The Cobb Douglas production function was employed to work out the resource use efficiency because it was found the best fit for the study. The production function analysis revealed that seed, manures and fertilizers, irrigation and machine labour had a positive and significant (p<0.01) influence on the basmati rice production. The regression coefficients of expenditure on human labour and manures and fertilizers were found positive and significant (p<0.01) in non-basmati rice production implies further scope for increasing the productivity and return by using more of these inputs. The MVP to MIC ratio of all the explanatory variable except plant protection chemical were found more than one indicating that still their scope of higher utilization of these resources and which is turn would increase the gross income. Whereas MVP to MIC ratio of plant protection chemicals was found less than unity indicating overutilization of the input and needs rationalization.

The Present study on marketing pattern and efficiency of organic Turmeric in Kakching district of Manipur was initiated during 2020 to 2022 with the selection of 120 respondents and it was categorized into four groups viz., Marginal, Small, Semi medium and medium sizes groups based on available cultivable land under selected spice crops. To achieve the specific objective of the present study a multistage purposive stratified random sampling method were adopted. Further data reveals that on the selected farm size group the majority of the respondents (93.00 per cent) belonged to semi-medium land holding with an area of 2.01-3.0ha. While in marketing of ginger, the total marketing cost was found to higher in Channel-II (` 15.1/kg) and lower at Channel-IV (` 10.3/kg). The largest chunk of margin was enjoyed by Channel-I (` 96,587.5) followed by Channel-III (` 69.060.7) and lowest at Channel-II (` 16,517.0). On assessing efficiency, through Acharya’s method it was found that marginal farm size group was more efficient (59 percent) and least efficient is found to be medium farm size group (52 per cent).Using Shepherd formulae marginal farm size group (159 per cent) was found to be most efficient and the least efficient is found at medium farm size group(152 per cent) respectively. The producers’s share in consumer’s price was found to be higher in marginal and small farm size group (31 per cent) each and minimum at medium farm size group (29 per cent) respectively.